RESUMEN
This paper contains a revision of the Harris-Benedict equations through the development and validation of new equations for the estimation of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in normal, overweight, and obese adult subjects, taking into account the same anthropometric parameters. A total of 722 adult Caucasian subjects were enrolled in this analysis. After taking a detailed medical history, the study enrolled non-hospitalized subjects with medically and nutritionally controlled diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and thyroid disease, excluding subjects with active infections and pregnant or lactating women. Measurement of somatometric characteristics and indirect calorimetry were performed. The values obtained from RMR measurement were compared with the values of the new equations and the Harris-Benedict, Mifflin-St Jeor, FAO/WHO/UNU, and Owen equations. New predictive RMR equations were developed using age, body weight, height, and sex parameters. RMR males: (9.65 × weight in kg) + (573 × height in m) - (5.08 × age in years) + 260; RMR females: (7.38 × weight in kg) + (607 × height in m) - (2.31 × age in years) + 43; RMR males: (4.38 × weight in pounds) + (14.55 × height in inches) - (5.08 × age in years) + 260; RMR females: (3.35 × weight in pounds) + (15.42 × height in inches) - (2.31 × age in years) + 43. The accuracy of the new equations was tested in the test group in both groups, in accordance with the resting metabolic rate measurements. The new equations showed more accurate results than the other equations, with the equation for men (R-squared: 0.95) showing better prediction than the equation for women (R-squared: 0.86). The new equations showed good accuracy at both group and individual levels, and better reliability compared to other equations using the same anthropometric variables as predictors of RMR. The new equations were created under modern obesogenic conditions, and do not exclude individuals with regulated (dietary or pharmacological) Westernized diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and thyroid disease).
RESUMEN
No studies have evaluated the relationship between the detection points for dental bacterial plaque (DBP or biofilm) and gender, age, socioeconomic status, body mass index (BMI), and oral health, hence the need to investigate and clarify their possible association. This study aimed to map out the occurrence of DBP, investigate and evaluate the factors affecting its localization, and design preventive interventions. The research was conducted on 588 public school children aged 4-18 years in a provincial area of Greece. The subjects' oral health status and anthropometric characteristics were examined by a dentist (A.F.) and a dietitian (E.P.), respectively. To identify DBP, chewable double-staining disclosing tablets were used. The results of the present study indicate the following: (1) Age and socioeconomic status seem to be associated with DBP development, particularly in the oral cavity. (2) Overweight schoolchildren show more DBP on the upper posterior occlusal and upper posterior buccal surfaces compared to normal-weight children. (3) Moderate caries disease is associated with DBP detection on almost all tooth surfaces and especially on the tongue and lower anterior labial surface. (4) Severe caries disease is most strongly associated with DBP in the upper posterior palatal, lower posterior buccal, and lower posterior lingual spaces, as well as on the tongue. (5) Sex is the only variable without a significant impact on DBP detection surfaces. In conclusion, DBP identification in specific areas of the mouth seems to be influenced by age, socioeconomic level, BMI, and oral health. Gender has no influence on DBP detection points. Disclosing agents can be used in oral health prevention programs, both for more effective guidance on the use of oral hygiene tools and for their evaluation.
